admiral
أمير البحار amīr al-bihār, "emir [commander] of the seas", a title in use in Arabic Sicily and continued by the Normans in Sicily in a Latinized form, and adopted successively by Genoese and French. Modern French is "amiral". An English form under King Edward III (14th century) was "Amyrel of the Se". Insertion of the 'd' was doubtless influenced by allusion to common Latin "admire
adobe
aṭ-ṭūb (or al-ṭūb[3]), "the brick". Arabic entered medieval Spanish. Entered English from Mexico.
albatross
al-ghaṭṭās, literally "the diver", presumably a cormorant or similar pelecaniform bird;[4] in modern Arabic al-ghaṭṭās is a grebe. The derived Spanish alcatraz is attested 1386 as a type of pelican.[5] The albatross family of birds was unknown to both Arabs and Europeans in the medieval era. Alcatras was in English in the 16th century with the same meaning as the Spanish and did not include albatross birds.[6] Beginning in the 17th century, every European language adopted the word "albatros" with a 'b' for these birds, the 'b' having been mobilized from Latinate alba = white
alchemy, chemistry
al-kīmiyā, alchemy. The Arabic probably had its root in a late classical Greek word, khēmeia. The Arabic entered medieval Latin as alchimia, first attested in about the year 1140 in an Arabic-to-Latin translation by Plato Tiburtinus.[5] See the alchemy article for more details of this word's etymology. The word Chemistry is a 16th century European derivative from alchemy.
alcohol
al-kohl, finely powdered kohl (stibnite). Crossref kohl in this list. The meaning evolved from "very fine granularity" to "very purified". In the literature of late medieval European alchemy, alcohol was the "quintessence" of a substance, typically arrived at by distillation methods. The meaning narrowed to "quintessence of wine" (ethanol) starting with the alchemist Paracelsus in the 16th century.
alcove
القبّة al-qobbah, "the vault" or cupola, and that sense for the word is documented in Spanish alcoba in about 1272
algebra
الجبر al-jabr, completing, or restoring broken parts. The mathematical sense comes from the title of the book al-kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa al-muqābala, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completing and Balancing" by the 9th century mathematician al-Khwarizmi. When translated to Latin in the later 12th century, the book's Latin title contained the newly minted word "Algebrae" representing al-jabr.
الجبر al-jabr, completing, or restoring broken parts. The mathematical sense comes from the title of the book al-kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa al-muqābala, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completing and Balancing" by the 9th century mathematician al-Khwarizmi. When translated to Latin in the later 12th century, the book's Latin title contained the newly minted word "Algebrae" representing al-jabr.
anil, aniline
النيلي an-nīlī (al-nīlī) meaning indigo dye. Arabic is in turn from Persian and Sanskrit nili, indigo dye. In English anil is a natural indigo dye or the plant that it is obtained from. Aniline is a technical word in chemistry dating from mid-19th century Europe.
النيلي an-nīlī (al-nīlī) meaning indigo dye. Arabic is in turn from Persian and Sanskrit nili, indigo dye. In English anil is a natural indigo dye or the plant that it is obtained from. Aniline is a technical word in chemistry dating from mid-19th century Europe.
camphor
كافور kāfūr, camphor. The medieval Arabs imported camphor by sea from the East Indies.
كافور kāfūr, camphor. The medieval Arabs imported camphor by sea from the East Indies.
caraway
كراويا karāwiyā, caraway seed.
كراويا karāwiyā, caraway seed.
coffee, café
قهوة qahwa, coffee. Qahwa (itself of uncertain origin) begot Turkish kahveh which begot Italian caffè. The latter form entered most Western languages in and around the early 17th century. (The early 17th century also has numerous records in which the word-form was directly from the Arabic, e.g. Cahoa in 1610, Cahue in 1615, Cowha in 1619.) Cafe mocha, a type of coffee, is named after the city of Mocha, Yemen, which was an early coffee exporter.
قهوة qahwa, coffee. Qahwa (itself of uncertain origin) begot Turkish kahveh which begot Italian caffè. The latter form entered most Western languages in and around the early 17th century. (The early 17th century also has numerous records in which the word-form was directly from the Arabic, e.g. Cahoa in 1610, Cahue in 1615, Cowha in 1619.) Cafe mocha, a type of coffee, is named after the city of Mocha, Yemen, which was an early coffee exporter.
cotton
قطن qutun, cotton. Entered the Romance languages in the mid-12th century[5] and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient Romans but it was rare in the Romance-speaking lands until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lower prices.
قطن qutun, cotton. Entered the Romance languages in the mid-12th century[5] and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient Romans but it was rare in the Romance-speaking lands until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lower prices.
gazelle
غزال ghazāl, gazelle. Entered Latin in the early 12th century
غزال ghazāl, gazelle. Entered Latin in the early 12th century
ghoul
غول ghūl, ghoul. First appearance in English in the popular novel Vathek, an Arabian Tale, by William Beckford, published in 1786. Ghouls appear in English translations of the Arabian Nights tales in the 19th century.
غول ghūl, ghoul. First appearance in English in the popular novel Vathek, an Arabian Tale, by William Beckford, published in 1786. Ghouls appear in English translations of the Arabian Nights tales in the 19th century.
giraffe
زرافة zarāfa, giraffe. Entered Italian and French in the late 13th century.
زرافة zarāfa, giraffe. Entered Italian and French in the late 13th century.
guitar
قيتارة qītāra, a kind of guitar. "The name reached English several times, including 14th century giterne from Old French. The modern word is directly from Spanish guitarra, from Arabic qitar." (Harper (2001)). The Arabic is descended from ancient Greek kithara (which might be connected to ancient Persian Tar meaning string, and string instrument).
قيتارة qītāra, a kind of guitar. "The name reached English several times, including 14th century giterne from Old French. The modern word is directly from Spanish guitarra, from Arabic qitar." (Harper (2001)). The Arabic is descended from ancient Greek kithara (which might be connected to ancient Persian Tar meaning string, and string instrument).
jar (food or drink container)
جرّة jarrah, earthen vase. First records in English are in 1418 and 1421 as a container for olive oil.[29] Spanish jarra has 13th century records.
جرّة jarrah, earthen vase. First records in English are in 1418 and 1421 as a container for olive oil.[29] Spanish jarra has 13th century records.
jasmine, jessamine
ياسمين yās(a)mīn, jasmine. In turn from Persian. Seen in a 13th century Arabic-to-Latin translation spelled "iasiminum
ياسمين yās(a)mīn, jasmine. In turn from Persian. Seen in a 13th century Arabic-to-Latin translation spelled "iasiminum
jinn (mythology)
الجن al-jinn. (The semantically related English genie is not derived from jinn, though it has been influenced by it through the Arabian Nights tales).
الجن al-jinn. (The semantically related English genie is not derived from jinn, though it has been influenced by it through the Arabian Nights tales).
lemon
ليمون līmūn, citrus fruit. The cultivation of lemons, limes, and bitter oranges was introduced to the Mediterranean Basin by the Arabs in the Middle Ages. The lemon tree's native origin appears to be in India but the word "lemon" does not appear to be Indian
ليمون līmūn, citrus fruit. The cultivation of lemons, limes, and bitter oranges was introduced to the Mediterranean Basin by the Arabs in the Middle Ages. The lemon tree's native origin appears to be in India but the word "lemon" does not appear to be Indian
lilac
ليلك līlak, from Persian lilak, variant of nilak = blueish, from Sanskrit nila = blue or indigo.
ليلك līlak, from Persian lilak, variant of nilak = blueish, from Sanskrit nila = blue or indigo.
lime (fruit)
ليمه līmah, citrus fruit, a back-formation or a collective noun from ليمون līmūn; see lemon.
ليمه līmah, citrus fruit, a back-formation or a collective noun from ليمون līmūn; see lemon.
magazine
مخازن makhāzin, storehouses. Attested in Latin in 1228 with that meaning.[5] In the West the meaning evolved to arsenal, gunpowder store, and receptacle for storing bullets. (Crossref arsenal in this list.) A magazine in the publishing sense of the word started out meaning a storehouse of information about military or navigation subjects.
مخازن makhāzin, storehouses. Attested in Latin in 1228 with that meaning.[5] In the West the meaning evolved to arsenal, gunpowder store, and receptacle for storing bullets. (Crossref arsenal in this list.) A magazine in the publishing sense of the word started out meaning a storehouse of information about military or navigation subjects.
mummy
موميا mūmiyā, embalmed corpse; earlier, a bituminous embalming substance, from Persian mūm = wax.
موميا mūmiyā, embalmed corpse; earlier, a bituminous embalming substance, from Persian mūm = wax.
orange
نارنج nāranj, orange. Descends from Sanskritic nāraṅga = orange. The orange tree came from India.
نارنج nāranj, orange. Descends from Sanskritic nāraṅga = orange. The orange tree came from India.
spinach
سبانخ isbanakh, earlier يسفاناخ isfānākh, from Persian isfānākh/aspanakh. "It was the Arabs who introduced the spinach into Spain, whence it spread to the rest of Europe.
سبانخ isbanakh, earlier يسفاناخ isfānākh, from Persian isfānākh/aspanakh. "It was the Arabs who introduced the spinach into Spain, whence it spread to the rest of Europe.
sugar
سكّر sukkar, sugar. Ultimately from Sanskritic sharkara = sugar. Among the earliest records in English are these entries in the account books of an abbey in Durham: year 1302 "Zuker Marok", 1309 "succre marrokes", 1310 "Couker de Marrok", 1316 "Zucar de Cypr[us]"
سكّر sukkar, sugar. Ultimately from Sanskritic sharkara = sugar. Among the earliest records in English are these entries in the account books of an abbey in Durham: year 1302 "Zuker Marok", 1309 "succre marrokes", 1310 "Couker de Marrok", 1316 "Zucar de Cypr[us]"
sultan, sultana
سلطان soltān, authority, ruler. The first ruler to use Sultan as a formal title was an Islamic Turkic-speaking ruler in Central Asia around the year 1000. Caliph, emir, qadi, and vizier are other Arabic-origin words connected with rulers. Their use in English is mostly confined to discussions of Middle Eastern history
سلطان soltān, authority, ruler. The first ruler to use Sultan as a formal title was an Islamic Turkic-speaking ruler in Central Asia around the year 1000. Caliph, emir, qadi, and vizier are other Arabic-origin words connected with rulers. Their use in English is mostly confined to discussions of Middle Eastern history
zero
صفر sifr, zero. English is from Old Italian zero, a contraction of Old Italian zefiro. Crossref cipher in this list.
صفر sifr, zero. English is from Old Italian zero, a contraction of Old Italian zefiro. Crossref cipher in this list.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق